Descripción histológica de los daños ocasionados por monoiodo acetato de sodio en articulación humeral de rata / Histologyc description of monosodium iodoacetate damage in rat humeral joint

La inyección con monoiodo acetato de sodio (MIA) es ampliamente utilizada para producir osteoartritis en diversas articulaciones. El objetivo fue describir los daños histológicos provocados por MIA en la articulación humeral de rata. Se inyectó 0,1 mL de mezcla de 0,5 mg de MIA disuelto en 10 mL de solución fisiológica en la articulación humeral izquierda de 21 ratas SpragueDawley. Como control se utilizó la articulación derecha de cada rata. Se realizó la eutanasia a las 4, 8 y 12 semanas post inyección en grupos de 7 ratas. Los miembros mantenidos en formalina tamponada al 10% fueron descalcificados con EDTA por tres meses. Para la evaluación histológica se realizó la inclusión en parafina y se realizaron cortes coronales de 5 µm de espesor, para posterior tinción con azul de toluidina. En el cartílago sano, se observó una superficie lisa sin fisuras, todas las células de las zonas del cartílago se observaron normales. Se observaron cambios en el cartílago articular a partir de las 4 semanas post inyección, los condrocitos de la zona radial hipertróficos con gran producción de proteoglicanos. A las 12 semanas post inyección, se observa un gran deterioro, el espacio articular se ve disminuido, La superficie del cartílago se observa con fisuras y grietas que llegan hasta la zona radial. Las células alrededor de estas fisuras han desaparecido. Se observa una pérdida prominente de proteoglicanos debido a la débil tinción con azul de toluidina. La inyección articular con MIA produce lesiones similares a la OA. La gran ventaja de la OA inducida por MIA, es la facilidad de su aplicación y la rapidez en la progresión de OA.

Injection with monoiode sodium acetate (MIA) is widely used to produce osteoarthritis in various joints. The aim of this work was to describe the histological damage caused by MIA in the rat humeral joint; 0.1 mL of 0.5 mg mixture of MIA dissolved in 10 mL of physiological solution was injected into the left humeral joint of 21 Sprague-Dawley rats. As a control, the right joint of each rat was used. Euthanasia was performed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks post injection in groups of 7 rats. The samples maintained in 10 % buffered formalin were descaled with EDTA for three months. For histological evaluation, paraffin inclusion was performed and 5 µm thick coronal cuts were made for subsequent staining with toluidine blue. In the healthy cartilage, a smooth surface was observed, all cells in the cartilage areas were normal. Changes in articular cartilage were observed after 4 weeks post injection, hypertrophic radial chondrocytes with high proteoglycan production. At 12 weeks post injection, a great deterioration was observed, the articular space was diminished. The surface of the cartilage was observed with fissures and cracks that reach the radial zone. The cells around these fissures have disappeared. A prominent loss of proteoglycans was observed due to weak toluidine blue staining. Joint injection with MIA produced lesions similar to OA. The great advantage of the OA induced by MIA, is the ease of its application and the rapidity in the progression of OA.

Sistema de infusión intratecal implantable para el tratamiento del dolor refractario por cáncer / (Intrathecal drug delivery system for medically refractory cancer pain treatment)

Resumen El cáncer es la segunda causa de muerte en Costa Rica y un alto porcentaje de pacientes con cáncer tiene dolor producto de su enfermedad. Diferentes estrategias permiten ofrecer alivio del dolor en aquellos casos de alta complejidad en los que el manejo médico no cumpla las metas de tratamiento. Se presenta un caso de un paciente con cáncer de esófago y dolor severo por cáncer refractario a manejo médico comprehensivo, por lo cual se ofreció tratamiento con terapia combinada (morfina, ziconotide, ropivacaína), mediante un sistema implantable de analgesia intratecal. Esta estrategia permitió obtener rápidamente un adecuado y sostenido control del dolor asociado a una mejoría de la funcionalidad del paciente. Se discuten los hallazgos clínicos y los estudios de imagen. En este caso la analgesia intratecal demostró ser una opción eficaz para tratar adecuadamente el dolor, en el contexto de un paciente con dolor severo por cáncer refractario a manejo médico comprehensivo. Es necesaria una aproximación multimodal del tratamiento del dolor y considerar esta técnica mínimamente invasiva en casos complejos de dolor por cáncer.

Abstract Cancer is the second cause of death in Costa Rica and a high percentage of cancer patients have pain due to their illness. Different strategies allow offering pain relief in high complexity cases in which medical management does not meet treatment goals. We present an illustrative case of a patient with esophageal cancer and severe cancer related pain refractory to comprehensive medical management. Intrathecal combination therapy (morphine, ziconotide, ropivacaine) was offered through an implantable intrathecal analgesia system. This strategy allowed obtaining quickly an adequate and sustained pain control with an improvement in patient's functional status. Clinical findings and imaging studies are discussed. In this case, intrathecal analgesia proved to be an effective option to adequately treat pain in a patient with severe cancer pain refractory to comprehensive medical management. A multimodal approach to cancer pain management is necessary and this minimally invasive technique should be considered in complex cases of cancer pain.

Does the use of Testosterone Enanthate as a Form of Doping in Sports Cause Early Closure of Epiphyseal in Bones? / ¿El Uso de Enantato de Testosterona como Forma de Dopaje en el Deporte Causa Cierre Epifisiario Temprano de los Huesos?

The purpose of this research is to investigate the morphometric effects of short term usage of testosterone enanthate among the anabolic androgenic steroids used as doping by athletes on humerus bones of male rats. 30 rats (35 days) were utilized in this research. The rats were divided into three equal groups. For the experimental group (n= 10), testosterone enanthate at 10 mg/kg dose in 100 µl peanut oil diluents, for the peanut oil group (n= 10), peanut oil of testosterone enanthate' diluent (100 µl) was executed intraperitoneally 5 days in a week for 3 weeks. The control group (n= 10) was nourished without any practice for 3 weeks. All rats were euthanized end of the research. Humerus bones were exposed by the dissection of rats' front extremite bones and measurements and the averages were taken. When the length of rats' humerus bones were analyzed, the growth of humerus bones of rats testosterone enanthate applied in the experimental group stopped significantly and the difference was significant (p<0.05). It was observed that among anabolic androgenic steroids, testosterone enathate's usage on male rats in puberty period caused early epiphyseal closure and stopped the growth of humerus bones significantly.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar en el húmero de ratas macho, los efectos morfométricos del uso a corto plazo de Enantato de testosterona entre los esteroides anabólicos usados como dopaje por atletas. En esta investigación se utilizaron 30 ratas divididas en tres grupos iguales. Un grupo experimental (n= 10), que se le administró Enantato de testosterona en dosis de 10 mg/kg en 100 µl diluido en aceite de maní, a otro grupo sólo se le administró aceite de maní (n= 10). La administración fue realizada por vía intraperitoneal 5 días a la semana durante 3 semanas. El grupo control (n= 10) fue alimentado durante 3 semanas. Todas las ratas fueron sacrificadas al término de la investigación. Los húmeros fueron expuestos por disección, se realizaron las mediciones y se tomaron los promedios. Cuando se analizó la longitud de los húmeros se observó que su crecimiento en las ratas del grupo experimental que recibieron Enantato de testosterona, se detuvo de manera significativa (p<0,05). Se observó que entre los esteroides anabólicos androgénicos, el uso de testosterona en ratas macho en el periodo de la pubertad causó el cierre epifisario temprano y detuvo el crecimiento del húmero de manera significativa.

Resección de quiste óseo aneurismático en húmero proximal con aplicación de injerto peroneo no vascularizado: Presentación de un caso / Resection of an aneurysmal bone cyst in the proximal humerus with a non-vascularized fibular graft: Case report

El quiste óseo aneurismático es una lesión benigna que afecta la médula de huesos largos, supone 6% de las lesiones óseas primarias y puede surgir secundariamente con otros tumores óseos benignos o malignos. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de siete años de edad con un quiste óseo aneurismático, diagnosticado por clínica, radiología, tomografía axial computarizada y confirmado por histopatología. Se le realizó resección con técnica eggshell e injerto óseo no vascularizado de peroné izquierdo, su evolución fue satisfactoria hasta los cuatro años de operada, lo que concuerda con lo descrito en la literatura mundial.

An aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign lesion involving the marrow of long bones; it accounts for 6% of primary bone lesions and may occur as a secondary lesion with other benign or malignant bone tumors. We describe herein the case of a seven year-old female with an aneurysmal bone cyst which was diagnosed clinically, radiographically and with a CAT scan, and confirmed with histopathology. Resection was performed using the eggshell technique and a non-vascularized left fibular bone graft. The patient did well up to the fourth postoperative year, which is consistent with what has been reported in world literature.

Defecto óseo humeral / Humeral bone defect

Diferentes factores influyen en la recidiva de luxación glenohumeral. La presencia de defectos de Hill-Sachs es frecuente tras episodios de luxaciones traumáticas de hombro. Este tipo de lesiones por si solas influyen de manera directa sobre la recidiva postoperatoria. Es por esto que técnicas habituales, como lo es la reparación capsulolabral en su forma abierta o artroscópica, son insuficientes como tratamiento definitivo. Se han descrito diferentes técnicas, algunas no anatómicas y otras que son consideradas totalmente anatómicas, con el objetivo de disminuir la tasa de recidiva. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las diferentes alternativas en técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la luxación glenohumeral asociada a la presencia de un defecto óseo humeral, e intenta brindar un esquema terapéutico ante los diferentes escenarios que involucren esta patología.

Tratamiento, complicaciones y sobrevida del condrosarcoma del húmero proximal / Treatment, complications and survival of the chondrosarcoma of the proximal humerus

Introducción: El condrosarcoma constituye el segundo tumor óseo en frecuencia. La ubicación en el húmero es menos frecuente que en el fémur y la pelvis, por lo que hay escasa bibliografía de los resultados obtenidos en el tratamiento de este tumor. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron retrospectivamente 28 pacientes (10 varones y 18 mujeres) con diagnóstico de condrosarcoma localizado en el húmero proximal tratados entre 1988 y 2010. El seguimiento promedio fue de 6 años (rango 6 a 200 meses). La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 48 años (rango 17 a 75 años). En esta serie hubo 13 condrosarcomas de grado I, 11 de grado II, 2 de grado III y 2 condrosarcomas desdiferenciados. Dos pacientes fueron desarticulados y en 26 pacientes se conservó el miembro. De este último grupo, en 5 se realizó curetaje con relleno y en los 21 restantes, resección del tumor con reconstrucción (10 aloprótesis, 5 aloinjertos osteoarticulares, 4 aloinjertos intercalares y 2 endoprótesis). Resultados: Hubo 2 recidivas locales y 2 pacientes de la serie murieron por su enfermedad (los dos condrosarcomas desdiferenciados). No hubo complicaciones en el grupo tratado de manera intralesional y fueron 8 en los tratados de forma extralesional. Se conservó el miembro en el 100 por ciento de los condrosarcomas de bajo grado y en el 50 por ciento de los de alto grado. La sobrevida fue del 100 por ciento a los 5 años en los casos de condrosarcoma de bajo grado y del 50 por ciento en los de alto grado. Conclusiones: Se obtuvo una alta tasa de conservación del miembro en el tratamiento del condrosarcoma del húmero proximal sin afectar el índice de sobrevida de los pacientes en esta serie.

Anaplastic transformation of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma at shoulder mimicking soft tissue sarcoma.

A 52-year-old woman presented with fracture upper end of the left humerus after trivial trauma and aspiration cytology from the lytic lesion in the upper humerus seen on X-ray revealed a metastatic papillary carcinoma from the thyroid. Total thyroidectomy confirmed the papillary carcinoma thyroid. Post-operatively, she was given radioactive iodine (I-131) ablation therapy for 8 years and was asymptomatic during this period; however, for the last 1 year, she has been complaining of swelling in the shoulder, which did not respond to palliative radiotherapy and rapidly increased in size. Disarticulation of the shoulder joint was performed, which showed anaplastic carcinoma on histopathological examination. Anaplastic transformation of papillary carcinoma at the metastatic sites is well documented in the literature and is rare. However, the same has not been reported at the shoulder and from India before. Although soft tissue sarcomas are most common at this site, however, the possibility of anaplastic transformation should be kept in the differential diagnosis of rapidly enlarging painful mass in a known case of metastatic thyroid carcinoma to prevent misdiagnosis.

Avulsion humeral de los ligamentos glenohumerales en la inestabilidad anterior de hombro / Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments in the anterior instability of the shoulder

El propósito de este trabajo es analizar la incidencia, características clínicas y tratamiento de la avulsión humeral de los ligamentos glenohumerales (AHLGH), focalizándolo en papel de la artroscopia, en una seríe de pacientes con inestabilidad anteríor de hombro. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo entre marzo de 1992 y marzo del 2005 en una serie consecutiva de 448 casos operados por inestabilidad anterior de hombro. Criterios de exclusión: cirugías previas, inestabilidad posterior, inestabilidad multidireccional, y lesiones asociadas. Resultados: 12 casos (2,7%) de AHLGH de 448; 8 casos asociados a Bankart parcial (bipolar) y 4 casos aislados. Todos de sexo masculino, 10 pacientes jugadores de Rugby y 2 pacientes, de Básquet. El promedio de edad fue de 22 años (16 a 35). Todos los pacientes presentaron aprehensión positiva en el examen físico. El mecanismo inicial de producción de la inestabilidad fue en un 66% (8c): tackle en extensión, abducción y rotación externa; y en un 33% (4c): caída con el brazo en flexión abducción y rotación externa. Los estudios por imágenes (Rx y RMN sin contraste) no diagnosticaron la lesión. La artroscopía permitió el diagnóstico de certeza en todos los casos. El tiempo promedio de vuelta al deporte fue de 7,3 meses (rango 6-9). La evaluación postoperatoria con escala de "Rowe" fue excelente (85 a 100) para todos los casos. Conclusiones: La incidencia de AHLGH en la inestabilidad anterior de hombro es baja (3%). La Rx y RMN tienen un bajo índice de detección. Esta lesión se asocia en un alto porcentaje a “Bankart parcial" (lesión bipolar). El manejo-reparación artroscópica combinada con técnica mini-open en el lado humeral brinda excelentes resultados.

[Monoarthritis of the elbow revealing an intraarticular osteoid osteoma]

Osteoid osteoma is one of the unusual causes of musculoskeletal pain. Its diagnosis is usually not difficult in classic diaphyseal localization. However, the diagnosis of juxta or intraarticular osteoid osteoma is challenging because of atypical clinical presentation responsible for long diagnosis delay. Report a new case. We report herein the case of a 22-year-old woman presenting an intraarticular osteoid osteoma of the elbow. Diagnosis has been established on imaging findings [MRI and CT-scan] after 10 months because of atypical clinical presentation as a chronic monoarthritis of the elbow. The picture of an osteoid osteoma of the lower extremity of the humerus associated to a synovitis and a joint effusion was suspected on MRI. It had been confirmed on CT-scan which showed the nidus. Surgical removal of the tumor allowed pain relief and functional restoration in postoperatively. Regarding an unexplained chronic monoarthritis, the diagnosis of intraarticular osteoid osteoma should be evoked. CT-scan remains the investigation of choice for identifying the nidus. Surgical exicision permits the relief of symptoms

Skeletal angiomatosis - rare cause of bone destruction: a case report with review of literature.

Classification of skeletal angiomatosis into aggressive and nonaggressive types is on the basis of their clinical behavior and pattern of skeletal involvement (regional and disseminated). Gorham's disease (massive osteolysis) is an aggressive form of skeletal angiomatosis that shows regional involvement, frequently involving the shoulder and hip areas. Cystic angiomatosis is a nonaggressive form of skeletal angiomatosis with multifocal involvement, predominantly affecting the trunk bones. The imaging modalities gave the diagnosis of cystic angiomatosis of humerus showing multicystic lytic areas. The histopathological differential diagnosis was cystic angiomatosis and Gorham's disease, as microscopically both are indistinguishable from each other. Both represent a complex network of dilated thin-walled capillaries growing in the marrow space associated with the destruction of bone and infiltration into the adjacent soft tissues. The case is presented because of its extreme rarity and due to the diagnostic dilemma, whether to label it as Gorham's disease or as cystic angiomatosis. Considering the site involved and its aggressiveness, the diagnosis is in favor of Gorham's vanishing bone disease as cystic angiomatosis is multicentric and nonaggressive, involving mostly vertebrae and skull with multicystic lytic lesions.

Bone response to a Ca- and P-enriched titanium surface obtained by anodization

This study evaluated bone response to a Ca- and P- enriched titanium (Ti) surface treated by a multiphase anodic spark deposition coating (BSP-AK). Two mongrel dogs received bilateral implantation of 3 Ti cylinders (4.1 x 12 mm) in the humerus, being either BSP-AK treated or untreated (machined - control). At 8 weeks postimplantation, bone fragments containing the implants were harvested and processed for histologic and histomorphometric analyses. Bone formation was observed in cortical area and towards the medullary canal associated to approximately 1/3 of implant extension. In most cases, in the medullary area, collagen fiber bundles were detected adjacent and oriented parallel to Ti surfaces. Such connective tissue formation exhibited focal areas of mineralized matrix lined by active osteoblasts. The mean percentages of bone-to-implant contact were 2.3 (0.0-7.2 range) for BSP-AK and 0.4 (0.0-1.3 range) for control. Although the Mann-Whitney test did not detect statistically significant differences between groups, these results indicate a trend of BSP-AK treated surfaces to support contact osteogenesis in an experimental model that produces low bone-to-implant contact values.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a resposta do tecido ósseo à superfície de titânio (Ti) enriquecida com Ca e P obtida por anodização (BSP-AK). Três cilindros de Ti (4,1 x 12 mm) BSP-AK ou usinado (controle) foram implantados bilateralmente nos úmeros de dois cães de raça indefinida. Oito semanas após a implantação, os fragmentos ósseos contendo os implantes foram removidos e processados para análises histológica e histomorfométrica. A formação óssea foi observada na região cortical e no canal medular até aproximadamente um terço da extensão do implante. Na maioria dos casos, feixes de fibras colágenas dispostos paralelamente à superfície do implante foram observados na região medular. Nessa região observaram-se também áreas focais de formação de matriz mineralizada e osteoblastos ativos. Os implantes do grupo BSP-AK apresentaram média de contato osso-implante 2,3 por cento, com medidas variando de 0,0 a 7,2 por cento e os do grupo controle tiveram média 0,4 por cento, com medidas variando de 0,0 a 1,3 por cento. Apesar do teste de Mann-Whitney não mostrar diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos, nossos resultados indicaram uma tendência para a ocorrência de osteogênese de contato na superfície BSP-AK em um modelo experimental que resulta em baixos valores de contato osso-implante.

Post-irradiation angiosarcoma of bone.

Radiation therapy is extensively used for treatment of malignancies, but angiosarcomas occurring in an irradiated area are uncommon. We report a rare case of high-grade epithelioid angiosarcoma of upper end of right humerus in a 67-year-old male occurring ten years following irradiation for giant cell tumor of the same anatomical site. The patient presented with progressive painful swelling over right shoulder and his X-ray showed erosion of medial cortex with lytic areas at upper end of humerus. He underwent excision of affected part of humerus followed by cemented hemiarthroplasty and bone grafting. After initial histopathological diagnostic dilemma the final report was given as post-radiation angiosarcoma. Disease recurred at the end of one-year follow-up period where upon he underwent wide resection with prosthesis replacement. He received four cycles of combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin and ifosfamide and currently is free of recurrence after six months follow-up.

Acute haematogenous anaerobic osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease. A case report and review of the literature

Patients with sickle cell disease are more susceptible to acute anaerobic osteomyelitis due to focal gut mucosal ischaemia, translocation of bacteria, and seeding in infarcted bone marrow. Modulation of the immune system is also present. The isolation of anaerobic organisms requires a high index of suspicion, correct specimen collection procedures and meticulous specimen handling. Bacteroides is the predominant organism isolated. Intra-osseous gas in the bone may be seen within four days and radiographs are therefore useful earlier than with aerobic osteomyelitis. Surgical débridement and intravenous antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate being relied on heavily to guide conversion to oral antibiotics. Coexistence of septic arthritis is more common with anaerobic osteomyelitis

Bilateral treponema periostitis

Symmetrical exuberant periostitis is a rare disease caused, by variety of infectious and non-infectious causes. Treponematosis is one of the rare causes of this condition. We report a patient who presented with left arm swelling, secondary to onion peel periostitis of the humerus, which was caused by Treponema species

Condrosarcoma pélvico secundario y enfermedad de Ollier: informe de caso / Pelvis chondrosarcoma secondary to Ollier's disease: case report

La osteocondromatosis múltiple es una alteración familiar de tipo autosómico dominante caracterizada por exostosis múltiple, lesiones que se originan en el cartílago epifisario y secundariamente desarrollan condrosarcomas. La edad promedio de esta presentación es de 31 años. Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 21 años con exostosis múltiple que desarrolló condrosarcoma en la pelvis. Radiográficamente la neoplasia se originaba en la pelvis con destrucción de la rama pélvica derecha. Se trató quirúrgicamente con hemipelvectomía y posteriormente recibió quimioterapia y radioterapia. Histológicamente se observó condrosarcoma de bajo grado de malignidad. Presentó metástasis pulmonares y falleció.

Granulocytic sarcoma of humerus, an unusual association of acute myeloblastic leukemia--a case report.

Ganulocytic sarcoma (Chloroma) is a tumour of rare variety usually in assocoiation with granulocytic leukemia. It is related to soft tissue with extramedullay infiltration. We present a case of granulocytic sarcoma of humerus which preceded the initial clinical manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia in a young patient which ultimately proved to be FABM2 variety. Though many tissues are affected by this tumour but the most favoured site is the bone.

Reconstructive surgery in primary malignant and aggressive benign bone tumor of the proximal humerus

Primary malignant bone tumors of the proximal humerus have traditionally been treated by forequarter amputation. However, with the increased interest in limb salvage operations, efforts have been made to improve reconstructive surgery and some methods have become available for tumor control and preservation of a useful distal limb. This report describes three reconstructive techniques used for reconstruction of the humerus following primary tumor excision. We followed 11 patients treated by reconstructive surgery following tumor excision for primary malignant and aggressive benign bone tumors in the proximal humerus. The average follow-up period was 35.6 months. The histologic diagnosis included osteosarcoma (9), chondrosarcoma (1) and giant cell tumor (1). The options for reconstructive surgery following tumor excision were six prosthetic arthroplasties with low heat treated autobone, four arthroplasties with Ender nail and bone cement, and one arthroplasty with custom-made tumor prosthesis. We performed a retrospective analysis regarding functional status, as well as local recurrence, distant metastasis and complication. The functional status at final follow-up averaged 16 points (53.3%) overall: 17 points (56.7%) in the six prosthetic arthroplasties with low heat treated autobone; 15 points (50.0%) in two of four arthroplasties with Ender nail and bone cement (the two others died); and 16 points (53.3%) in the one arthroplasty with custom-made tumor prosthesis. Local recurrence was not observed in any of the cases. The complications noted were one nonunion between reimplanted, low heat treated autobone and the normal distal humerus and two metal failures. Each of these techniques for reconstructive surgery resulted in a relatively good outcome, although somewhat better results were found in the case of prosthetic arthroplasty with low heat treated autobone.